Wednesday, June 22, 2016

Chapter 13,14 and 15

Chapter 13

A lot of things happened during Fifteenth century and it was a turning point in the world history. Zheng exploration of the world was not one of world-historical consequences like Columbus’s exploration did. Maybe it was because China had inveted compass.
Paleolithic Persistence- To Gather and hunt societies existed throughout all of Australia and most of Siberia and also arctic coastlands and parts of Africa and the Americas.
In fifteenth century most of the world’s population lived within a major civilization.
China had Ming Dynasty which was badly disrupted by Mongol rule and went undergone recovery under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
Chinese merchants and craftsmen continued to settle and trade in Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, but they were not supported by their government. In the other hand, Europe went through a similar process of recovery, consolidation, cultural flowering, and European expansion took place in Western Europe.
In the Islamic world, Ottoman Empire lasted from1400 to twentieth century which had Anatolia, eastern Europe, much of Middle East, North African coast, lands around Black Sea as its territory.  Safavid Empire was the next empire which emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious order, the empire started around 1500 and Shia Islam was the official religion. Ottoman Suni Empire and Safavid Shia Empire were in war between 1534 and 1639.

CHAPTER 14
This chapter is about European, Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman colonization of Eurocentric view of the early modern world and economies of different regions of the world such as Europe and Asian. Around the end of the twentieth century, Uighur attempts to win independence from China. European had much more impact on human history. Russians created a major empire and Qing Empire in China doubled its size. The Mughal Empire of India pulled together Hindus and Muslims and Ottoman Empire created political unity of the Islamic heartland. All Empires in the early modern era came to a new stage of globalization.
The empires of the early modern era show a new stage in globalization.

Western European empires started their expansion. British, French, and Dutch colonies in North America and Spaniards in Caribbean, then went to Aztec and Inca empires and Portuguese went into Brazil. By the middle of nineteenth century Europeans controlled most of the Americas.
The advantage European had geographically was European Atlantic which positioned involvement in the Americas.
By 1776, 90 percent of population of Northern American colonies was European. In the other hand Indians were killed off by disease. Russia started to conquer neighboring cities which within three centuries grew into a massive empire. This Conquest may have happened by modern weapons and organization.




Chapter 15

·         This chapter is about globalization of the Christian doctrines.
·         China, Jesuit missionaries spread knowledge of astrology, mathematics and medicine
·         In China a new neo-Confucianism began to take hold which focused on introspective and “faith alone” as a moral compass for right and wrong
·          In 1517 Reformation began: Martin Luther invited debate  in regards to the abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issueing a document
·         The protestant breakaway, combined with reformist tendencies within the Catholic Church itself, provoked a Catholic or Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent (1545-1563).
·         Between 1600 to 1800 was Europe's Scientific Revolution
·         Europe evolved a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence

·          for a variety of institutions. The autonomy of its emerging universities. Europe had the ability ledge of other cultures: Arab medical texts, astronomical research and translations of Greek classics.

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