Chapter 16,17,18,19

Chapter 16)

The French Revolution made Chinese students from the Tiananmen Square Massacre of 1989 to go and represent the revolutionary spirit at the 200th anniversary of the 1789 French Revolution. 

Moreover, the North American colonists they were conservatives by preserving their "benign neglect”  they elected assemblies, local taxation, free speech, free press, and self and also proclaimed equality against London's financial crackdown in 1765. Toward the end of the French & Indian Wars, England was left with a massive debt and new administrative costs in Canada. The colonists were the people who would have to pay the debt, plus new regulations to observe.

The war gave Napoleon Bonaparte the opportunity to take over government in 1799. In 1804, he  created the first French Empire and he left a tradition of constitutionalism, freedom, and liberty and equality and fraternity throughout Europe. Napoleon's troops brought revolutionary ideas wherever they marched, which in returns they had a lot of impact.

Columbus at first arrived on Bahamas in 1492 and on December 24^th, 1492 he founded a city in Haiti and he called it La Navidad, he then claimed the entire island for Spain.  In 1697, became a rich French colony which exported sugar and coffee.  It was the richest colony in the world, exporting  40% of the world's sugar and coffee.  

Chapter 17)

The Industrial Revolution in United States, Russia, and Latin American countries. The Industrialization began in New England in the textiles and spread more after the Civil War. In 1914, US became the leading industrial power.

Even though they had successful local and national unions American workers had less class solidarity than their European colleagues.

The Middle Classes benefited most from industrialization. The workers populations, depending on the country, they got the low wages and working long hours.  However, unexpectedly opposition movements developed socialists, communists, suffragists, and environmentalists. Robert Owen a Christian Socialists  built a model of economic communities like New Lanark.

The Industrial Revolution, increased more production, employment, trade and the benefits of civilization to a majority of the world's population. It also increased global competition, developed uncontrolled swings of growth and depression, labor instability and insecurity, and social and cultural social disparities.

Chapter 18)

Western-educated Elite were the main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers. They schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, and they were moved into their country's professional classes. Between 1863-1902 Swami Vivekananda leading religious figure of 19th century India advocated rewind of Hinduism which the mission  was out to the spiritually impoverished West.Between 1857-1858 the Indian Rebellion had a Massive uprising much of India against British rule. They were also called them selves Indian Mutiny. The In the 19^th century, cultivation System was a forced labor that was used in the Netherlands East Indies.  The peasants were also required to cultivate at least twenty percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee. They were supposed to sale at a low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then returneded  enormous earning of profits.The Cash-Crop Agriculture was often on a large scale of crops that were sale in the market which was not for 

Chapter 13,14 and 15

Chapter 13

A lot of things happened during Fifteenth century and it was a turning point in the world history. Zheng exploration of the world was not one of world-historical consequences like Columbus’s exploration did. Maybe it was because China had inveted compass.
Paleolithic Persistence- To Gather and hunt societies existed throughout all of Australia and most of Siberia and also arctic coastlands and parts of Africa and the Americas.
In fifteenth century most of the world’s population lived within a major civilization.
China had Ming Dynasty which was badly disrupted by Mongol rule and went undergone recovery under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
Chinese merchants and craftsmen continued to settle and trade in Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, but they were not supported by their government. In the other hand, Europe went through a similar process of recovery, consolidation, cultural flowering, and European expansion took place in Western Europe.
In the Islamic world, Ottoman Empire lasted from1400 to twentieth century which had Anatolia, eastern Europe, much of Middle East, North African coast, lands around Black Sea as its territory.  Safavid Empire was the next empire which emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious order, the empire started around 1500 and Shia Islam was the official religion. Ottoman Suni Empire and Safavid Shia Empire were in war between 1534 and 1639.

CHAPTER 14

This chapter is about European, Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman colonization of Eurocentric view of the early modern world and economies of different regions of the world such as Europe and Asian. Around the end of the twentieth century, Uighur attempts to win independence from China. European had much more impact on human history. Russians created a major empire and Qing Empire in China doubled its size. The Mughal Empire of India pulled together Hindus and Muslims and Ottoman Empire created political unity of the Islamic heartland. All Empires in the early modern era came to a new stage of globalization.
The empires of the early modern era show a new stage in globalization.

Western European empires started their expansion. British, French, and Dutch colonies in North America and Spaniards in Caribbean, then went to Aztec and Inca empires and Portuguese went into Brazil. By the middle of nineteenth century Europeans controlled most of the Americas.
The advantage European had geographically was European Atlantic which positioned involvement in the Americas.

By 1776, 90 percent of population of Northern American colonies was European. In the other hand Indians were killed off by disease. Russia started to conquer neighboring cities which within three centuries grew into a massive empire. This Conquest may have happened by modern weapons and organization.

Chapter 15

·         This chapter is about globalization of the Christian doctrines.

·         China, Jesuit missionaries spread knowledge of astrology, mathematics and medicine

·         In China a new neo-Confucianism began to take hold which focused on introspective and “faith alone” as a moral compass for right and wrong

·          In 1517 Reformation began: Martin Luther invited debate  in regards to the abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issueing a document

·         The protestant breakaway, combined with reformist tendencies within the Catholic Church itself, provoked a Catholic or Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent (1545-1563).

·         Between 1600 to 1800 was Europe's Scientific Revolution

·         Europe evolved a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence

·          for a variety of institutions. The autonomy of its emerging universities. Europe had the ability ledge of other cultures: Arab medical texts, astronomical research and translations of Greek classics.

Chapter 9:

As I read Chapter 9, regarding the Messenger Muhammad Iba Abdullah I learned that he was born in Mecca in Qraish tribe. When he was a child his mother and father passed away and he was under the care of his uncle and grandfather. 
When he was twenty five he married to wealthy widow Khadijah. Khadijah and Muhammad had six children. He used to travel out of the city towards mountain area for meditation. He had his first revelation in mountains of Hera. Khadijah was his first follower.  Muhammad was the messenger of Allah( God) . It was interesting to me, that how Muhammad was raised and how honest he was in his life.

        What interested me in this chapter was the quote that said: "Behold, those who sinfully devour the possessions of orphans but fill their bellies with fire: for [in the life to come] they will have to endure a blazing flame!" (445). This is a symbolic language, and as reading it few time I got a grasp on it and I believe what it means is that those whom take advantage of the weak or take advantage of others are taking up themselves “soul” with "fire" or a negative energy which at the end they will pay the price some how or when the judgment day come. I also read this quote few years ago in a group and we talked it about it.

       Moreover, further in to the reading it mentioned on paying a Zakat. What Zakat means in my understanding is a mandatory donation to the poor those who have the income and can make the donation. I did more reading and I think when mentioned donation, meaning 1/5 of the income has to be giving out or to the poor. Furthermore, anyone that does not comply with this they can either be fined or sentenced depending on the judge or be put to death if they deny such obligation in paying the Zakat.
    

The men and women role is not egalitarian. In Islam, it is mentioned that men are allowed to marry to four women if they are free and have the ability and they can also marry two women if they are a slave. However, it did not say anything about how man men woman can get married to or how many time a women can get married. I believe women are allowed to get married once and to one person. Women are expected to be obedient to their husbands and to listen to them. If such manner is not seen they are allowed to make her sleep in a different room or lightly beat her, it does not mentioned how lightly is acceptable.

Chapter 11:

 While reading chapter 11, I liked the part of Anda, which is a close relationship between two related men. Reading about the Temujin and Jamugha, made me happy to see how close they were to one and other and acting like brothers protecting and loving each other unconditionally. It is interesting because Mongols do have an aggressive behavior and usually do not show any sign of love and respect and it is in part because the way they are brought up culturally.

            Reading the documents I realized that the Mongols may not be bad people after all, furthermore as I ready the document about Russia, my idea of loving Mongols disappeared. The Mongol invasion of or in Russia is sad, because so, many people were killed in the fire, and how children were killed in front of their mothers and fathers, and vice versa. It is a heartbreaking thing to talk about, but in my past study back home, Mongols are known the harshest in not carrying and thinking about the people and realizing how horrible Mongols were and how aggressive and angry they were in trying to conquer.

Chapter 12:

             One of 15th century civilization is considered to be the Aztec Empire. It is interesting to know that these groups of people became warriors and knights of their people. I remembered that I had another class that briefly went over their way of life and actually watched a brief movie that was made based on their belief that they took out hearts of their captives and I believed burned it or feed for the sun to come out the next day.

The Aztec empire was from Mexico that became mercenaries to power people in the Americas. The people in Mexico were able to develop a military that many people feared from them. The Aztec rulers had full control of the empire and their population was from 5 to 6 million people. With this many people, it was sure to be difficult to maintain order and structure. There were a lot of rebellions against the empire by the people. One of the reasons can be said was because they had to take clothing, textiles, jewelry and other luxuries to their rulers.

            Even though, their beliefs were unique and harsh like slavery and sacrifices, at the same time they had little advancement for example in architectural designs, agriculture and goods. Aztec empire can be said that they were advanced for their time.